10 Punctuation Rules You Must Learn for 2020

10 Punctuation Rules You Must Learn for 2019 Punctuation rules are like road rules—to arrive safely at your destination you have to know them. So what are the punctuation rules you need to know for 2019? How to use apostrophes, commas, quotation marks, hyphens, dashes, colons, semi-colons and more—it’s all important and we’ll go over them one by one. These are the most common punctuation mistakes people still make today. Get to know them, watch out for them, and if you find that you make them start correcting those bad punctuation habits! Let’s get started! Punctuation Rules You Must Learn Rule #1: The Apostrophe—Use It to Show Possession and to Make Contractions Some people tend to use apostrophes the way they use salt: they throw it all over everything never thinking about the consequences. Just because you’re probably used to seeing an apostrophe used with it’s doesn’t mean every time you add an â€Å"s† to something it gets an apostrophe. Here’s the reality: apostrophes ARE NOT used to make words plural. They are used to combine words (like do and not in don’t) and they are used to show possession (my friend’s dog bit the mailman’s leg). Here are some Do’s and Don’ts: DO: Use an apostrophe when you are showing possession for common and proper nouns. Examples: Where is Mike’s house? That is the teacher’s notebook. The bus driver’s radio is not working. The fairies’ wands are broken. The groupies’ photo is in the book. Use an apostrophe to form contractions (combine words). Examples: â€Å"Do not go there† becomes â€Å"Don’t go there† â€Å"It should not be written that way† becomes â€Å"It shouldn’t be written that way† â€Å"I have not heard that song† becomes â€Å"I haven’t heard that song† â€Å"He is not having it† becomes â€Å"He’s not having it† Tip: There is a difference between â€Å"it’s† and â€Å"its†Ã¢â‚¬â€the former is a contraction of â€Å"it is† and the latter is a possessive pronoun! DON’T: Use an apostrophe when you are showing possession for pronouns. Pronouns have their own possessive case! Examples: That is my book. That is her jacket. That is their boat. His car is fast. That is yours, not mine. This is theirs, not ours. Use an apostrophe to make words plural. The Smiths are not at home. The nests are in the tree. The leaves are falling at the Harolds’ residence [note Harolds is plural for Harold but an apostrophe is needed after the â€Å"s† because Harolds is possessing â€Å"residence†]. Rule #2: The Comma—Know Its Place! Commas have a specific purpose but most people either tend to never use them or to over-use them. Sometimes they get used incorrectly (i.e., when a person should be using a period or semi-colon). Commas help the reader with the syntax of the sentence. If you misuse your commas, you throw off your own syntax and confuse the reader. Keep your reader in the know by making sure you use the comma correctly. Use the comma after an introductory word or phrase. Examples: Yesterday, Mom went to the grocery store. After that, she went to the doctor to get information on her back ache. Later on, she visited the zoo to say hello to the baby pandas. Use a comma with a coordinating conjunction. Use a comma when joining two independent clauses. Use a comma to set off the person to whom you are speaking. Here are the do’s and don’ts for comma usage. DO: Use a comma to join two independent clauses. Example: I went for a jog, and I ran into my friend Zach. DON’T: Use a comma when joining a dependent clause to an independent clause. Example: I went for a jog and ran into my friend Zach. Tip: If you can only find one subject in your sentence, you don’t have two independent clauses. Note that in the second example, the second â€Å"I† is missing—that means the second part of the sentence is dependent upon the first. DO: Separate with a comma the dependent clause from the independent clause when the dependent clause opens the sentence. Example: Feeling unsettled, I got up from my desk and walked to the window for some fresh air. Separate appositives with a comma. Example: That is his backpack, the gray one with the red stripes all over it. DON’T: Use commas to separate the verb from the direct object. Example: Don’t forget, the marbles. DO: Use a comma to offset the person to whom you are speaking. Example: Don’t forget the marbles, Gary. Stuck Writing Your College Essay? View All Our Example College Essays Have A Custom Example Essay Written Rule #3 Quotation Marks—Punctuation Ending a Sentence Goes inside Them Quotation marks can be tricky for a lot of students: they don’t know where punctuation goes. Sometimes punctuation is included within the quotation marks and sometimes it comes outside the quotation marks. Typically, a comma will precede an opening of quotation marks and the final punctuation will be included within them. Let’s look at these simple do’s and don’ts to get a feel for how to use quotation marks correctly. DO: Use a comma to offset the quote outside the quotation marks. Example: According to Arthur Jones, â€Å"there was plenty more where that came from.† DON’T: Place ending punctuation outside the quotation marks. Example: â€Å"Where is she going?† wondered Sally. DO: Capitalize the first word of a quotation when the quote is said by someone. Example: Barry asked, â€Å"When will the guests arrive?† DON’T: Place capitalize the second part of a quote when it is broken up in the middle. Example: â€Å"I wish they would get here soon,† Barry said, â€Å"so we can hurry up and get started.† DO: Use quotation marks whenever you are quoting someone else’s words (and always include the source). Example: The film has been described as â€Å"a total waste of time for anyone with even half a brain† (Ebert, 2003). DON’T: Use quotation marks when you are not actually quoting anything. Some people use quotation marks when they are trying to convey irony or draw attention to a specific word usage. This is okay in non-formal writing, but in academic writing it is not recommended. Example: The â€Å"play† was not very good. Note: In formal writing the reader will wonder why â€Å"play† is in quotation marks. Was it a play or not? Formal writing should be clear, not sarcastic or facetious, and never colloquial. This is why such style is not recommended. Rule #4 Use Colon When a List of Related Items is Going to Follow Colons can get thrown around a lot without rhyme or reason. So let’s just keep it simple. When you’re doing a paper, the best time to pull out the colon is when you have a list of items that relate to the complete thought (i.e., an independent clause with subject and predicate). Colons can also be used in other ways, however—and we’ll see how in the second half of this rule. DO: Introduce the list with a phrase prior to the colon. Example: When I eat dinner I always make sure to have the following items on hand: a brush, a coffee pot, a pack of matches, and a newspaper. DON’T: Use a colon if you are integrating the list of items into the sentence. Example: During dinner I will place a box of matches, a coffee pot, a newspaper and a brush all within reaching distance of my plate. Note: Were you to place a colon after â€Å"place† it would disrupt the flow of the sentence and sever the direct objects from the transitive verb. Use a colon to two independent clauses. There are actually many different instances in which it is okay to use a colon. Here’s another one: when the second independent clause expands on the first or illustrates it in more detail, this is another instance when it is okay to use a colon. DO: Use a colon to allow one independent clause to enrich the independent clause that precedes it. Example: He is a solid worker: everyday he shows up to get the job done. DON’T: Use a colon to join an independent clause with a dependent clause. Example: You can’t always get what you want, because that would be too perfect. Rule #5 Use a Semicolon to Join Independent Clauses, in Place of Conjunctions, and with Conjunctive Adverbs Semicolons can be used in a variety of different ways, too. Learn to use them wisely, and it can really spice up your writing. In fact, the more you know about punctuation in general the better your writing will be. Remember, variety is the spice of life—so learn a variety of ways to make your writing exciting. Semicolons are nice because they allow you to cut down on an over-reliance on conjunctions. They let you use a variety of different size sentences—some large, some small. And they let you create complex sentences, so let’s see how. DO: Use a semicolon to join two related independent clauses. Example: My car has a very large engine; I cannot imagine driving anything else. DON’T: Use a semicolon to join an independent clause to a dependent clause. Example: I never could stand birthday parties, because they are loud and too chaotic for my tastes. DO: Use a semicolon in place of a conjunction. Example: I have never used that software; I am not familiar with how it works. DON’T: Use a semicolon as a comma. Example: In certain parts of the world the weather is even better than it is here, but most of us are still quite glad we live in this state. DO: Use a semicolon with a conjunctive adverb. Example: The course is quite difficult; however, if you study hard and hit the books consistently, you will succeed. Rule #6 The Hyphen and the Em Dash—Use the Former to join words and the Latter to Add Parentheticals The hyphen is used primarily to join words together while the dash is used to add emphasis. Parentheses are often used in place of dashes, but dashes can provide a visually appealing way to give emphasis to a sentence as well. Some consider em dashes to be inappropriate in formal writing. When writing a dissertation, for instance, you may be advised to remove all dashes from your text. Consult your advisor for more information on proper usage of dashes in academic writing. DO: Use the hyphen when combining two words, writing number words or describing fractions. Examples: The information was not really up-to-date. Have you called your mother-in-law? There should be thirty-nine candles on the cake. One-third of the tank is full. DON’T: Use the hyphen in place of a comma, a semicolon, a dash, a colon, parentheses, or to combine adverbs to the words they are modifying. Examples: Instead of: Herman- who is my neighbor- has a very well kept lawn. Write: Herman, who is my neighbor, has a very well kept lawn. Instead of: We enjoyed the party, especially the ice cream- the cake was great, too. Write: We enjoyed the party, especially the ice cream; the cake was great, too. Instead of: I’ve never been to Greece- but I hope to go soon. Write: I’ve never been to Greece—but I hope to go soon. Instead of: The favorite songs of the class were not exactly appropriate for school- they were full of raunchy lyrics and innuendo. Write: The favorite songs of the class were not exactly appropriate for school: they were full of raunchy lyrics and innuendo. Instead of: The circus was terrific- even the clowns were great. Write: The circus was terrific (even the clowns were great). Instead of: He’s a newly-arrived executive. Write: He’s a newly arrived executive. When it comes to the em dash, you can consider it to be like a strong comma. However, it is also an extremely effectively way to emphasize something you want to say. Emily Dickenson used the em dash all the time to place emphasis on certain words. Example: I don’t know how it happened—suddenly I was standing in the middle of a crowded room and all eyes were looking right at me! Rule #7 Don’t Overdo the Exclamation Mark Using exclamation points can sometimes be absolutely necessary to convey excitement or emphasis. However, you don’t want to overdo it with them. Too many makes it sound like the writer is constantly shouting. It weakens the overall effect. Use the exclamation mark discriminately. Place them wisely in a paragraph so as to maximize their effect. To enhance the writing, try substituting other punctuation: remember, variety is the spice of life. Example: Instead of: I was walking home at night and it was very dark! I heard a loud scream from up ahead and it made me jump out of my skin! I never in my life heard such a blood-curdling cry! I was so beside myself my heart was pounding and I froze like a deer in headlights! I didn’t know what to do—so I just stood there and waited! And then I heard it again. That scream! Write: I was walking home at night and it was very dark. I heard a loud scream from up ahead and it made me jump out of my skin: I never in my life heard such a blood-curdling cry! I was so beside myself my heart was pounding and I froze like a deer in headlights I didn’t know what to do—so I just stood there and waited—and then I heard it again: that scream! Rule #8 The Ellipsis The Ellipsis is something a lot of people use because they are trying to control the pace of their writing. It should really be used more for dramatic effect, for saving space when quoting someone (you can eliminate extraneous material by way of the ellipsis) and for expressing hesitation or confusion. Example: When writing dialogue, the ellipsis can be a great way to convey confusion: â€Å"I couldn’t†¦well, I mean†¦I couldn’t find†¦what I was looking for was my keys, but†¦who took them? They were right†¦I thought they were right†¦there.† Example: If you are quoting a lengthy passage that has a lot of words that don’t really pertain to what you are trying to say—just eliminate them with the ellipsis: Instead of: The hotel has a long history. First, it was used in the Second World War as a trading outpost: the Germans had occupied it, but locals were still permitted to gather there, and they often did, trading goods and gossip under the noses of the occupying power. Following the war, the hotel re-opened and was a magnificent hit among tourists, as it was one of the few remaining structures in the region that still captured the spirit of the old world—so much of which had been destroyed in the war. In short, over the decades it has seen war, famine, abundance and glory. It has been at the center of everything—and the walls of its halls are lined with pictures to prove it. Write: The hotel has a long history†¦over the decades it has seen war, famine, abundance and glory. It has been at the center of everything—and the walls of its halls are lined with pictures to prove it. Example: The ellipsis can also be used to build suspense: I was walking home late one night, when out of the shadows there emerged†¦a strange looking creature with glowing green eyes and fangs! Rule #9 Punctuating with Parentheses This is one writers get confused about a lot. Do you put the punctuation inside the parentheses or outside the parentheses? Well, it depends. If you are including a parenthetical at the end of a sentence, the terminating punctuation goes outside the parentheses. If you are expressing a complete thought as a parenthetical all by itself, the punctuation goes inside the parentheses. Examples: The ball game was long (but very exciting). (I just wish it had ended sooner.) Rule #10 Don’t Over Punctuate Sometimes people can become confused about whether or not to add punctuation when they are already using punctuation at the end of a sentence. The basic rule here is to avoid providing multiple punctuation marks. If you are referring to a title that has a question mark at the end, you don’t need to follow it up with a period to show that the sentence is ending. Here are some examples: Examples: I had to walk out of the movie Do You Know the Muffin Man? It was getting way too late for me—it was well past 3 a.m. However, I later read a review on Yahoo! The review made me feel much better about going home: instead of wasting time in a theater with a bad movie, I was able to get in a few more hours of work on my dissertation for my Ph.D. Conclusion Punctuation rules are something every writer should know and know well. For more information on correct punctuation, check out The Punctuation Guide. It is a great reference source you can use whenever you have a question about what sort of punctuation to use or how to use it. The key to great writing is command of your grammar. If you can control your grammar and make sure you are punctuating correctly, your writing will be so much better. Take time to review your writing before handing it in. A lot of mistakes can be caught and corrected simply by doing a quick edit of your own work before you turn it in. As always, we have editors and writers standing by to help you with your paper. If you would like a professional to go through your work and edit it for mistakes, don’t hesitate to place an order now. If you’re still stuck in the writing process and would really just like a model essay to help you get going on the right track, we have writers standing by to assist you with that as well. Feel free to browse our site for more helpful tips as well!

The Future Of Cloud Computing - 1288 Words

Cloud Computing is the storing and accessing of programs and data over the internet instead of a computer hard drive. This report will identify the precedent technologies and services that have converged and evolved to create Cloud Computing, describe the precedent culture factors that have caused this technology to emerge, as well as describing the effect this technology has on the social environments that currently engage with it. This report will also asses Cloud Computing against the principles of Technological determinism and define if this technology has influenced this phenomenon, and speculate on the future of Cloud Computing by describing how industrial and cultural changes could further affect this technology. Cloud computing is the result of evolution and adoption of existing technologies and prototypes; although the origin of the term cloud computing is unclear. In the earliest stages, the term ‘cloud’ was used to represent the computing space between the provider and the end user. References to cloud computing in its modern sense appeared as early as 1996, with the earliest known mention in a Compaq internal document (Regalado, 2011). In 1997, Professor Ramnath Chellapa of Emory University and the University of South California defined cloud computing as the new â€Å"computing paradigm where the boundaries of computing will be determined by economic rationale rather than technical limits alone†. This has become the basis of what we refer to today when we discussShow MoreRelatedThe Future Of Cloud Computing1705 Words   |  7 Pageshistory of Cloud computing, the main trends within Cloud computing, the advantages and disadvantages of Cloud computing and the future o f Cloud computing. Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦1.0 The history of Cloud Computing†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦2.0 The main trends within Cloud Computing†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..3.0 The advantages of Cloud Computing†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..4.0 The disadvantages of Cloud Computing†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5Read MoreThe Future of Cloud Computing1267 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ The Future of Cloud Computing Kristin Graham INF103: Computer Literacy (PTE1438B) Instructor:   LaMeika  Gupton October 20, 2014 The future of computing is slowing turning to the cloud. 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Social Forces Of The Holocaust - 1534 Words

There are many social forces that affect any society. However, there may be more prominent social forces in a society, or country that has experienced a traumatic event that effected their entire country or society. Germany is a major example of a country that went through an incredibly traumatic event. The Holocaust is the traumatic event that hit Germany beginning in the 1930’s. The Holocaust was a period in time from 1933 to 1945, in which Jews experienced discrimination. Out of nine million Jews that were living in Germany, over half of them were killed in the Holocaust. All the Jews that were killed were killed because of prejudice and discrimination against them. An event as traumatic and massive as the Holocaust has no choice but to affect the country of Germany. Reiner and his mother’s views are extremely different. Reiner and his mother disagree about the fact that Germany should rid itself of racism. Reiner believes that since his generation wasn’t inv olved in the racism that existed during the time of â€Å"Nazi Germany†, that his generation should not have to work to fix a problem that they did not cause. His views are affected in different ways than his mothers. Reiner’s views are being impacted by the fact that the jobs of him and his friends are being taken away, and given to foreigners. However, Reiner’s mother’s views are still based on what she knew in her generation. Reiner’s mother is still basing her views on the fact that her husband, Reiner’s father,Show MoreRelatedMussolini s Main Goals For Italy1177 Words   |  5 Pagesvictim, thou shalt not be a perpetrator, but above all, thou shalt not be a bystander† (A), these wise words were spoken by Yehuda Bauer, 65 years after the start of the Holocaust. Italy, under the rule of fascist dictator Benito Mussolini, was one of the many countries who turned her back on the Jewish people. 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Operation Management for Manufacturing Samsung Electronics

Question: Discuss about the case study Operations Management for Manufacturing Process of Samsung Electronics. Answer: Introduction: Manufacturing process is one of the major aspects for producing a new product. In the current paper, the manufacturing process of Samsung Electronics has been discussed in an evaluated fashion. In order to do that, the brief discussion of the Samsung Electronics has been depicted ina clear and precise manner. In the same context, the paper also includes an acute concept of the manufacturing process. The paper has discussed every single aspect of Samsung Electronics' manufacturing process with utmost clarity. In addition to that, the paper has also depicted as well as evaluated the process map of Samsungs manufacturing system. The analysis of manufacturing process of Samsung has been done on the basis of several operations performance objectives, i.e. quality, cost, dependability, speed as well as flexibility. After the analysis, the paper has also been able to provide several useful recommendations to improve the manufacturing process in terms of the operations performance objectives. This way the paper has clearly reflected the scenario of the manufacturing process in Samsung Electronics. Background of the Organization: Samsung was founded in the year of 1938 by Lee Byung-chull as a company of trades. Samsung crossed the threshold of the electronics industry in the time-period of late 1960. Samsung Electronics is one of the most important subsidiaries that maintain the electronics business. After entering the electronics divisions, the company developed four different groups of electronics-centered business, which are Samsung Electro-Mechanics, Samsung Electronics Devices, Samsung Semiconductor and Telecommunications as well as Samsung Corning. Samsung Electronics launched a black-and-white television set as its first product. In the year of 1987, Samsung Group was taken apart into four distinct individual business entities, which are Samsung Group, CJ Group, Hansol Group as well as Shinsegae Group (Hwang and Choung 2014). There are four primary divisions those are operated by Samsung Electronics of Samsung Group. These divisions are Semiconductors, Digital Media, Home appliances as well as Information Communications. Samsung Electronics operates its business through various products such as video equipment, televisions, audio equipment, phones, computers, associated appliances, fax machines, factory automation products. In addition to that, there are various other products such as cellular phones, fiber optics products, closed circuit security products, semiconductors, solar energy systems as well as motors and compressors. In the contemporary world, Samsung Electronics has experienced severe competition in the electronics market. The major competitors are Matsushita Electric Industrial Co. Ltd, LG Group as well as NEC Corporation. Although, the company has experienced several challenges at the beginning of 21st century, Samsung Electronics maintained its stand in the electronics industry (Hwang and Choung 2014). Figure 1: Logo of Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd (Source: Samsung UK 2016) Concept of Manufacturing Process: In order to perform manufacturing processes effectively and completing the entire development cycle for the electronics products, Samsung Electronics use several well-planned stages (Suh et al. 2016). These stages are arranged in such a fashion that the product development can be time and cost effective. The major stages used in Samsung Electronics are described below. Conceptualization: Samsung Electronics continuously attempt to formulate a new concept of products based on advanced technologies. It can be a new product or development of variances of the existing products in the market. Research: After developing the product concept, Samsung Electronics greatly emphasizes on the identification of suitable technology, vendors as well as methods for the production of the products (Lee et al. 2016). Circuit Design: Samsung Electronics uses several computers drafting software in order to develop a schematic diagram. In addition to that, the company also generates a preliminary parts list for prototyping as well as costing the product. Packaging and Printed Circuit Design: Samsung Electronics focuses on developing of attractive enclosure design as well as selection. After that, the company designs the outline of the printed circuits. The major steps for this stage are Selection of package style Design of graphics and nomenclature Resolving the requirements of printed circuit diagram Processing the printed circuit artwork on film Developing Prototype: Samsung Electronics develops a prototype product for the trial purpose. However, it is also noted that often hand-wired prototype products are used for the design process. Design Review: Samsung Electronics extensively focuses on evaluating the appearance, function, possible enhancements as well as build cost of the initial units as well as prototype products. Test Setup: In order to ensure the quality of the products Samsung Electronics places the apparatus, test procedures, detailed instruction of assembly as well as fixtures. Documentation: This stage is focused on providing the project's deliverables. This deliverable includes list of parts circuit diagram, parts sources, master printed circuit artwork, mechanical drawings, software source code as well as assembly drawings (Lee et al. 2013). Agency Compliance: According to the current law and regulation, Samsung Electronics requires several agency compliances. Following Up: Samsung Electronics actively review the supporting data of products, user response as well as experience of manufacturing facility. It is a major factor for improving the lower cost, value, and quality. Figure 2: Process Map of Manufacturing in Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd (Source: Lim et al. 2014) Five operational performance of Samsung Five operational performance of an organization is evaluated by the following factors, Quality Speed Dependability Flexibility Cost Operational performance of Samsung is described below, Quality: Samsung has standard optimization functions such as automatic neighbor relation, capacity coverage optimization and cell outage compensation. They also have unique features including drive test optimization; transmit power control and antenna tilt optimization. These features ensure a high quality operations management of Samsung. They also have smart scheduler that monitors all cells and centralizes radio resources management (Szeremeta 2013). This improves the pattern of allocation in order to maximize throughput. Speed: Samsungs network speed is excellent. Their operations and analytic tools are designed to monitor, manage and troubleshoot the network in real or near real-time. They have combined combine their smart SON and smart scheduler with cognitive analytics. In this way, their operators can load and allocate resources faster than any other organization. As a result, inefficiencies are reduced that helps to optimize their QoS and QoE (Szeremeta 2013). Dependability: 3-bit MLC NAND flash technology of Samsung helps them to ensure reliability of their operations. Their Self-monitoring, analysis and reporting technology which is also known as SMART, helps to detect and report on various reliability indicators. Whenever a failure is estimated, the SMART technology warns the operators. Therefore, they can immediately replace the ailing drives that help to evade any type of data loss or unexpected outages (Yoon et al. 2016). Flexibility: Samsungs operations are highly flexible because of their superior supply chain management. Recently, the organization made seven changes in their supply chain operations that helped them to make their operations more flexible than before. Those changes are, Samsung is all set to understand their customer behavior by sending employees to attend MBA programs at the local universities. At macro level, they collect preferences of the consumers. Those preferences are then incorporated into the product design through a method that is known as Quality Function Deployment. Samsung is trying to enhance the internal operations using six-stigma model. They have adopted an approach called DMAEV that means define, measure, analyze, enable and verify (Szeremeta 2013). Samsung has implemented APS system in that helps their operating team to develop a flexible production plan. Management of Samsung is using a system called as Voice of Business that brings all the internal departments close to each other. As a result, they can easily establish an action plan based on collective decision. Samsung has implemented merit-based system that has allowed the high performing employees to have a fast track career path (Lim 2016). Samsungs most of the components are manufactured in Korea that have helped them to achieve the economy of scale. They have developed a very comprehensive risk management system. Their risk mitigation strategies are highly flexible. Cost: Samsungs advanced operation management allows the operators to automate their service operations. As a result, Samsung does not need a huge number of skilled human resources that reduces their overall operational expenses. Besides, their smart SON also helps them to reduce the need to carry out time-consuming and costly drive tests (Tyagi et al. 2015). Therefore, they can perform faster at a reduced cost. Recommendation for improvement Samsung has one of the most advanced operational management systems in their organization. Their operations not only reduce time and cost but also help them to provide superior services. Currently, they do not need any huge changes in their operations management, as everything is up to date and performing brilliantly. However, they can focus on their SMART technology that only handles mechanical problems. Samsung has no option to prevent erratic failures such as electrical surges. Therefore, they must implement something that can warn the operators about this type of issues. Besides, they can also establish strategic marketing based on diversity and different economic environments. The buying behavior and preferences of consumers are changing rapidly. Therefore, they should change their basic operation strategies and implement new design technologies and marketing strategies. Analysis of Manufacturing Process: Process design and analysis is most effective for identifying various scopes for improving the manufacturing process. This kind of analysis is highly capable of point out different tangible benefits. Mostly these benefits are process efficiency, cost reduction as well as human resource allocation (Szeremeta 2013). There are several tools, which can be proved as imperative for analyzing the manufacturing process of Samsung Electronics. These tools are basically Fishbone Diagram as well as Pareto Chart. Fishbone Diagram clearly indicates that, Samsung Electronics counter most of the problem in their manufacturing process. These areas are equipment, process, people, materials, environment as well as management. Samsung Electronics utilizes highly costly equipment for the manufacturing process. This situation raises a very crucial problem, as the machinery as well as the equipment cannot be replaced within a short notice (Hwang and Choung 2014). Henceforth, the damaged machines hinder the production growth of the electronics devices. At the same time, machines are noted to be quite sophisticated. As the machines perform a very delicate work in terms of producing or designing the circuit board, the machines are constructed numerous intricate parts. Therefore, it poses a greater possibility of damage to these sophisticated machines. These damaged machines or equipment reduce the production rate of Samsung Electronics' device at a whole. In the same context, the nature of the manufacturing process itself presents a crucial issue for increasing the production rate. It has been perceived that the manufacturing process is highly complex and thereby it has to be conducted through effective planning and expertise. The complex process forces the company to carry through the manufacturing process in somewhat slow speed (Kumar and Veedu 2016). In addition to that, it increases the dependency on the experienced workforce. In this aspect, it can be evidently observed that the manufacturing process is a time-consuming process. Therefore, in order to produce a large number of electronic devices the company needs to invest in large numbers of machines. Figure 3: Fishbone Diagram of Electronic Device in Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd (Source: Card 2013) As the fishbone diagram clearly indicated that the manufacturing process immensely depends on the experienced workforce along with a significant amount of investment, the company needed to hire an experienced workforce. However, the company faces a crucial problem in the context of hiring and maintaining the efficient labor force. Currently, the employees of the company are suffering from low motivation among the employees along with high turnover rate. In this situation, it can be easily optimized that the manufacturing process will be faltered due to the low support of experienced employees. Moreover, the fishbone diagram effectively indicates that the management of Samsung Electronics does not focus on monitoring the manufacturing process in a critical manner. This distance from the actual manufacturing process damages the effective performance of the production system (Liu and Kim 2016). Furthermore, they cannot perceive the opportunities to increase the production rate as well. Henceforth, the rate of the production remains low due to this high-handed management. In addition to that, it reduces the flexibility as well as quick response system in the manufacturing process of Samsung Electronics. Samsung Electronics experiences a greater problem in the context of environmental ground. Mainly, these environmental issues are high-energy consumption as well as chemical exposure to the employees. These factors drive the company towards the research activities to work on discovering the ways of reducing energy consumption along with chemical exposure (Yang et al. 2016). The battery of the electronic devices contains various chemical elements, which can cause effective damage to the work professionals. Samsung Electronics need to employ a superior technology and experienced workforce to contain as well as efficiently use these hazardous materials. Therefore, it is evident that manufacturing process highly depends on the greater investment as well as recruitment for increasing the production rate (Kovalev et al. 2013). In addition to the fishbone diagram, the Pareto chart is also effective for identifying the level of disputes in the manufacturing process. The collected data of the dispute along with its range are depicted below. Category Total (K) Quality Certificate Error 18 Quality Certificate Missing 11 Invoice Error 6 Packing List Error 5 Wrong Quantity 4 Other 2 Table 1: Document Complaints of Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd (Source: Tyagi et al. 2015) Category Frequency Quality Certificate Error 18 Quality Certificate Missing 23 Invoice Error 25 Packing List Error 24 Wrong Quantity 22 Other 19 Table 2: Document Complaints frequency of Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd (Source: Tyagi et al. 2015) Graph 1: Document Complaints of Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd (Source: Tyagi et al. 2015) The above-depicted Pareto chart effectively indicated that the quality of the electronic products had been deeply hindered due to these faults in the manufacturing process (Lee et al. 2016). Furthermore, the Pareto chart has also revealed that the manufacturing process of Samsung Electronics will be hindered in terms of its efficiency. Recommendation for improvement of Manufacturing Process: Samsung Electronics need a more effective planning of theactivities to improve the manufacturing process that will increase the production rate as well as quality and efficiency of the electronic products. These ways are described below: Employing a better leadership model: Leaders with better leadership strategies should handle the manufacturing process of the organization. The management must understand every aspect of manufacturing process so that they can identify the strong as well as weak suits of the manufacturing process. This way the management will reduce the distance between ground level workers as well as the managers (Yoon et al. 2016). The workers can address their problems to the managers in a more efficient way. The managers need to work on eradicating those problems so that the employees can focus on increasing their production rate as well as quality of the electronic products. Initiating evaluated process plan: Samsung Electronics need to develop an evaluated process plan, which will focus on every activity in a critical fashion (Hoover et al. 2016). This plan can be based on the previous process plan, albeit it must weigh up every activity in terms of the efficiency as well as relevance. This way the managers can monitor every nuance of the performance of the respective activities. Moreover, this particular plan will assist the employees to get a better guidance from the supervisor as they will be supervised more closely. In addition to that, the company will enhance the rate of the production, as they will be able to point out the shortcomings of the process plan (Tassey 2014). In addition to that, the carefully choreographed process plan will evidently reveal various opportunities to increase the production rate. Hiring experienced employees: The above analysis has been immensely helpful to point out that the manufacturing process of electronic products in Samsung Electronics highly depends on the experienced employees (Yoon et al. 2016). However, it has also been revealed from the analysis that Samsung electronics suffers from a high turnover rate. Therefore, Samsung Electronics must hire numerous experienced writers in order to increase the speed of the production. In the same context, the experienced writers will be able to enhance the speed as well as efficiency of the electronics product (Lee et al. 2016). Increasing motivation: The above-described article effectively disclosed that Samsung Electronics suffer from a low employee motivation along with the high turnover rate. Therefore, the management of Samsung Electronics must work on elevating the motivation of the employees (Lim et al. 2016). In this context, Samsung Electronics need to use the reward system for the good performance. The company also need to focus on increasing the opportunities for internal promotion so that the employees can be inclined to demonstrate their good performance. This way the production rate of the electronic products will be eventually increased. Conclusion: The above report has successfully addressed the background of Samsung Electronics. It has been revealed that Samsung Electronics is a business division of Samsung group operating its business in the electronics industry. It has also been found out that the first product of Samsung Electronics was a simple black-and-white television set. The paper has also been successful in the context of identifying various essential aspects of Samsung Electronics manufacturing process. It has been disclosed that there are several steps of manufacturing process, which play a significant role in producing the electronic products. These steps are conceptualization; research; circuit design; packaging and printed circuit layout; developing prototype; design review; test setup; documentation; agency compliance as well as following up. The paper has been able to depict the mapping of entire manufacturing process in an efficient way. There are several tools of process design and analysis, which has been able to identify the severe problem of the manufacturing process. It has been disclosed that manufacturing process of Samsung Electronics experiences the problems in specific areas, which are equipment, process, people, materials, environment, and management. The major problem regarding the equipment is that the instrument and machines of the manufacturing are highly costly and sophisticate. In addition, it has been observed that manufacturing process is itself complex and time-consuming. Moreover, the company suffers from low motivation and high turnover rate. In the same aspect, the company employs high-handed management that fails to perceive the criticality of the manufacturing process activities. The manufacturing process is hindered by the high-energy consumption as well as chemical exposure. Furthermore, it is also noted that the customers, as well as employees, are exposed to hazardous materials in this manufacturing process. Reference List: Card, A.J., 2013. A new tool for hazard analysis and force-field analysis: The Lovebug diagram.Clinical Risk,19(4-5), pp.87-92. Hoover, A.P., Ramesh, C. and Petermann, D.A., 2016.Method Of Resolving Multi-Patterned Color Conflicts For Multi-Row Logic Cells. U.S. Patent 20,160,147,929. Hwang, H.R. and Choung, J.Y., 2014. The co-evolution of technology and institutions in the catch-up process: the case of the semiconductor industry in Korea and Taiwan.The Journal of Development Studies,50(9), pp.1240-1260. Kovalev, M.K., Kalinina, F., Androsov, D.A. and Cho, C., 2013. Synthesis of transparent and thermally stable polyimide-aramid nanocompositesProspective materials for high-temperature electronic manufacture applications.Polymer,54(1), pp.127-133. Kumar, A. and Veedu, V.P., 2016.Low cost semiconducting alloy nanoparticles ink and manufacturing process thereof. U.S. Patent 9,290,671. Lee, D., Lee, B., Kim, S., Park, J., Lee, D. and Lee, C., 2016.Organic-Inorganic Composite Films And Methods Of Manufacturing The Same. U.S. Patent 20,160,103,233. Lee, J., Shim, K., Chang, D. and Yang, W., 2016.Anode Active Material For Lithium Secondary Battery, Composition For Anode Including Same, And Lithium Secondary Battery. U.S. Patent 20,160,190,570. Lee, J.H., Lee, J.H., Cho, H.I., Kim, D.K. and Ro, J.C., 2013.Method of manufacturing vertical gallium nitride based light emitting diode. U.S. Patent 8,361,816. Lee, Y.S., Kang, T.H., Kwon, H.J., Kim, K.D., Kim, S.H., Mock, J., Lee, S.Y., Jung, M.S., Chun, H.M. and Hyun, J.W., 2016.Electronic Device And Method For Manufacturing The Same. U.S. Patent 20,160,044,801. Lim, A.J., Village, J., Salustri, F.A. and Neumann, W.P., 2014. Process mapping as a tool for participative integration of human factors into work system design.European Journal of Industrial Engineering 6,8(2), pp.273-290. Lim, W.H., Kwak, T.S., Lee, H.S., Park, E.S., Kang, S.H., Kim, B.S., Kim, S.K., Park, S.M., Bae, J.H., Seo, J.W. and Jang, J.Y., 2016.Composition For Forming A Silica Based Layer, Method For Manufacturing Silica Based Layer, And Electronic Device Including The Silica Based Layer. U.S. Patent 20,160,177,133. Liu, B. and Kim, S.M., 2016. Semiconductor Device Having A Fin Structure And Method Of Manufacture The Same. U.S. Patent 20,160,005,738. Samsung UK. 2016.Samsung UK. [online] Available at: https://www.samsung.com/uk/home/ [Accessed 3 Aug. 2016]. Suh, S.K., Ko, D.K., Bulovic, V. and Bawendi, M., 2016.Quantum Dot Solar Cell Performance With A Metal Salt Treatment. U.S. Patent 20,160,035,919. Szeremeta, W., 2013.Electronic display assembly comprising a display mount and a flex circuit wrapped around and adhered to the display mount. U.S. Patent 8,358,395. Tassey, G., 2014. Competing in advanced manufacturing: The need for improved growth models and policies.The Journal of Economic Perspectives,28(1), pp.27-48. Tyagi, S., Choudhary, A., Cai, X. and Yang, K., 2015. Value stream mapping to reduce the lead-time of a product development process.International Journal of Production Economics,160, pp.202-212. Yang, J., Hwang, S., An, Y.K., Lee, K. and Sohn, H., 2016. Multi-spot laser lock-in thermography for real-time imaging of cracks in semiconductor chips during a manufacturing process.Journal of Materials Processing Technology,229, pp.94-101. Yoon, J., Noh, B., Lee, B. and Chun, H., 2016.Semiconductor Package And Method Of Manufacturing The Same. U.S. Patent 20,160,071,824. Yoon, S., Park, S. and Shim, Y., 2016.Conductive Ink Composition, Conductor, And Electronic Device. U.S. Patent 20,160,032,126.

Least Restrictive Environment Essays (2295 words) -

Least Restrictive Environment Least Restrictive Environment! Judd O. Fisher Although the ideas and reasons for inclusive education are very noble and can have a positive effect on many disabled students, mandating inclusion for all disabled students denies some the opportunity to appropriately learn in the least restrictive environment (LRE) as required by law. The fight for inclusive education has made enormous gains from when the National Association of Retarded Children was established in 1950 to 1990 when the public law called the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), P.L. 94-142, was revised. Educational systems have moved from not providing education at all for the disabled to providing schools for the disabled separate from non-disabled students. Recently normal schools have been practicing inclusion and have free rein to determine exactly how. The problem facing policy makers today is whether or not all disabled children should be inclusioned. If the policy makers would just observe the disabled students being inclusioned and ignore all the rhetoric being presented to them, they will find that not all disabled children benefit from inclusion. On July 13,1996, Omer Zak compiled several articles the deaf and professionals who work with the deaf had submitted to him and presented them on the Internet under the title Deaf Persons and Experts Speak Out Against Inclusion. One of the writings submitted was entitled Interpreter Isn't Enough! written by Leah Hager Cohen. The author is an interpreter for an eleventh grade deaf student that is being inclusioned in a regular school. Cohen explains how the deaf student will sit quietly by herself before class begins while the rest of the students are socializing and interacting with each other. The piece goes on to explain how the deaf student must look at the interpreter during class in order to receive the lesson being presented by the teacher. When the student looks takes her eyes off the interpreter to write in her notes the interpreter must stop signing. When the student looks back to the interpreter she begins signing again. The more often the student stops to write in her notes the farther behind the teacher the interpreter gets. As the interpreter falls behind she must try to catch up causing a loss of information. If the teacher adds a visual aid such as a map or a chart, the student must concentrate on three things causing her to fall even farther behind. The deaf student rarely has the opportunity to be the one to answer a question asked by the teacher due to the delay caused by using an interpreter. Before the interpreter even gets the question signed another student has answered it. Cohen also explains that while a teacher will ask her how the student is doing many teachers will decline an invitation to ask the student herself via the interpreter. That declination has a tendency to alienate the deaf student even more. Joe Murray also contributed an article to Zak. Murray is a deaf person who was fully inclusioned throughout his academic career up and including college. Murray was by most standards a very successful student. He participated in sports and other extra curricular activities along with going to Europe as an exchange student. Murray explains how in the mist of all his success he felt he was not living up to his potential and could not do so out side the deaf community. Murray had to make a concentrated effort at everything he did where as if he was in an environment with his deaf peers the flow of information and activity would have happened more naturally. One of the biggest argument supporters of full inclusion try to present is the fact that disabled students and non-disabled students will have the opportunity to socially interact with each other. It is hoped that this interaction will break down the prejudices and misconceptions people have about the disabled. In the case of a deaf student the opposite holds true. In a school for the deaf the students can communicate and interact freely without any restrictions. When a deaf child is placed in a school for the hearing that child is isolated from the rest of her classmates. In order for successful learning to take place a student must feel valued and comfortable in the classroom (Ormrod). If a deaf child is isolated from her classmates due to the lack of communication she will never gain the feeling of being valued or comfortable. The information processing abilities of students must be taken into consideration when placing them in any academic situation.

Use OptionParser to Parse Commands in Ruby

Use OptionParser to Parse Commands in Ruby In the article discussing OptionParsers features we discussed some of the reasons that make using OptionParser in Ruby preferable to looking through ARGV manually to parse commands by hand. Now its time to get down to learning how to use OptionParser and its features. The following boilerplate code will be used for all the examples in this tutorial. To try any of the examples, simply put the examples opts.on block next to the TODO comment. Running the program will print the state of the options has and ARGV, allowing you to examine the effects of your switches. #!/usr/bin/env rubyrequire optparserequire pp# This hash will hold all of the options# parsed from the command-line by# OptionParser.options {}optparse OptionParser.new do|opts|# TODO: Put command-line options here# This displays the help screen, all programs are# assumed to have this option.opts.on( -h, help, Display this screen ) doputs optsexitendend# Parse the command-line. Remember there are two forms# of the parse method. The parse method simply parses# ARGV, while the parse! method parses ARGV and removes# any options found there, as well as any parameters for# the options. Whats left is the list of files to resize.optparse.parse!pp Options:, optionspp ARGV:, ARGV Simple Switch A simple switch is an argument with no optional forms or no parameters. The effect will be to simply set a flag in the options hash. No other parameters will be passed to the on method. options[:simple] falseopts.on( -s, simple, Simple argument ) dooptions[:simple] trueend Switch with Mandatory Parameter Switches that take a parameter only need to state the parameter name in the long form of the switch. For example, -f, file FILE means the -f or file switch takes a single parameter called FILE, and this parameter is mandatory. You cannot use either -f or file without also passing it a parameter. options[:mand] opts.on( -m, mandatory FILE, Mandatory argument ) do|f|options[:mand] fend Switch with Optional Parameter Switch parameters dont have to be mandatory, they can be optional. To declare a switch parameter optional, place its name in brackets in the switch description. For example, logfile [FILE] means the FILE parameter is optional. If not supplied, the program will assume a sane default, such as a file called log.txt. In the example, the idiom a b || c is used. This is just shorthand for a b, but if b is false or nil, a c. options[:opt] falseopts.on( -o, optional [OPT], Optional argument ) do|f|options[:opt] f || nothingend Automatically Convert to Float OptionParser can automatically convert argument to some types. One of these types is Float. To automatically convert your arguments to a switch to Float, pass Float to the on method after your switch description strings. Automatic conversions are handy. Not only do they save you the step of converting the string to the desired type, but also check the format for you and will throw an exception if it is formatted incorrectly. options[:float] 0.0opts.on( -f, float NUM, Float, Convert to float ) do|f|options[:float] fend Some other types that OptionParser can convert to automatically include Time and Integer. Lists of Arguments Arguments can be interpreted as lists. This can be seen as converting to an array, as you converted to Float. While your option string can define the parameter to be called a,b,c, OptionParser will blindly allow any number of elements in the list. So, if you need a specific number of elements, be sure to check the array length yourself. options[:list] []opts.on( -l, list a,b,c, Array, List of parameters ) do|l|options[:list] lend Set of Arguments Sometimes it makes sense to restrict arguments to a switch to a few choices. For example, the following switch will only take a single mandatory parameter, and the parameter must be one of yes, no or maybe. If the parameter is anything else at all, an exception will be thrown. To do this, pass a list of acceptable parameters as symbols after the switch description strings. options[:set] :yesopts.on( -s, set OPT, [:yes, :no, :maybe], Parameters from a set ) do|s|options[:set] send Negated Forms Switches can have a negated form. The switch negated can have one that does the opposite effect, called no-negated. To describe this in the switch description string, place the alternative portion in brackets: [no-]negated. If the first form is encountered, true will be passed to the block, and false will be blocked if the second form is encountered. options[:neg] falseopts.on( -n, [no-]negated, Negated forms ) do|n|options[:neg] nend

Reasons why the two United States Embassies in Africa in 1998 were so Essay

Reasons why the two United States Embassies in Africa in 1998 were so vulnerable to terrorists. What went into the planning of those attacks - Essay Example The department of state gathered intelligence on this attacks prior to them occurring but were dismissed as too vague to be useful. (The washington Post, 1999) The second reason is that state agencies such as the FBI and CIA failed to predict the consequences of their pressure on the bin Laden network. In 1997 and 1998 the state agencies put a lot of pressure on the network plus other affiliated groups such as the Al-Haramain thinking that such pressure will make the network to stop its activities. They did not think past the consequences of this which led to the bin laden declaration of war on America especially on embassies in Nairobi and Dar es Salaam. (IPP Media, 2011) The third reason is that the two countries Kenya and Tanzania were chosen by the bin laden network because they were convenient for the terrorist organization. A look at both countries shows as that they lacked adequate security during this time especially in Tanzania. The two countries have also a sizeable number of Muslims and people of Arab origin and therefore it was easy to blend in to accomplish their mission. The two nations especially Kenya are known to have close ties with America and therefore bombing such nations meant successful bombing on US territory. The above mentioned factors contributed largely to the vulnerability of the US embassies to Terrorist attacks. (James M. Lutz, 2004) The two bombing attacks in Nairobi and Dar es salaam are believed by many to be a revenge mission for the bin laden network on America for its involvement in the extradition and alleged torture of some members of the Egyptian Islamic Jihad that are said to have been arrested in Albania two months before the attacks. The four men were said to be involved in the assassination of Rifaat el-Mahgoub and a plot against the Khan el-Khalili market in Cairo. There was a communiquà © prepared by the bin